Calidad de vida percibida y adherencia al tratamiento en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica terminal / Perceived quality of life and adherence to treatment in patients with end-stage chronic renal disease / Qualidade de vida percebida e adesão ao tratamento em pacientes com doença renal crônica em estágio terminal

RESUMEN Introducción: La insuficiencia renal crónica terminal constituye uno de los problemas de salud más complejos por las afectaciones que provoca a la calidad de vida de los pacientes y por las dificultades que entraña la adherencia del paciente al tratamiento. Objetivo: Identificar la relación entre la calidad de vida percibida y la adherencia al tratamiento de los pacientes portadores de insuficiencia renal crónica terminal que reciben hemodiálisis. Método: Estudio de tipo correlacional realizado en el servicio de Hemodiálisis del Hospital General Docente "Juan B. Viñas González" de Palma Soriano, Santiago de Cuba. Del universo de 32 pacientes se trabajó con la población constituida por 16 pacientes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión/exclusión. Las técnicas utilizadas fueron: cuestionario de calidad de vida de la OMS, revisión de documentos, entrevistas y la observación. Se realizó análisis estadístico descriptivo (análisis de frecuencias) y se aplicó el método no paramétrico de correlación de Spearman. Resultados: Más de la mitad (56,25 %) de la población reflejó una calidad de vida percibida regular, el 25 % buena y el 18,75 % mala. La dimensión de salud física se mostró dentro de las más afectadas, observándose una valoración negativa con respecto a la enfermedad, pues más del 85 % de los encuestados la consideró como grave o muy grave. Se apreciaron afectaciones al sueño, donde más del 60 % de los pacientes se sintió insatisfecho con este aspecto. Los síntomas de la enfermedad son valorados, por la mayoría (81,25 %) como severos o muy severos. Conclusiones: Los pacientes poseen adherencia media al tratamiento y una calidad de vida percibida regular, y existe correlación fuerte y directa entre la adherencia al tratamiento y la calidad de vida percibida.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The end-stage chronic renal disease, due to how it affects the patient´s quality of life and the difficulties involved in the adherence of patient to treatment, is one of the most complex health problems. Objective: To identify the relationship between perceived quality of life and adherence to treatment in patients with end-stage chronic renal disease receiving hemodialysis. Method: A correlative study was conducted in the hemodialysis service room at the Hospital General Docente "Juan B. Viñas González" in Palma Soriano, Santiago de Cuba. The universe studied included 32 patients and 16 (met inclusion/exclusion criteria) were selected to work with. The techniques used were: World Health Organization quality of life questionnaire, document review, interviews and observation. A descriptive statistical analysis was performed (frequency analysis) and the nonparametric method applied was the Spearman's correlation coefficient using the SPSS 19.0 data processing program. Results: More than half of the population (56.25%) reported a fair quality of life, good (25%), and bad (18.75%). The physical health dimension was one of the most affected and it was found a negative assess of the disease in which more than 85% of those polled considered it as serious or very serious. Some sleep disorders was found and more than 60% of patients were unsatisfied related this issue. Most of the patients (81.25%) characterized the disease symptoms as severe or very severe. Conclusions: Patients studied had an adherence to treatment in a medium level and a perceived fair quality of life. There is also a correlation between the patient adherences to treatment and perceived quality of life.

RESUMO Introdução: A insuficiência renal crônica terminal constitui um dos problemas de saúde mais complexos pelos efeitos que causa na qualidade de vida dos pacientes e pelas dificuldades que a adesão do paciente ao tratamento acarreta. Objetivo: Identificar a relação entre a percepção de qualidade de vida e a adesão ao tratamento em pacientes com doença renal terminal em hemodiálise. Método: Estudo do tipo correlacional realizado no serviço de Hemodiálise do Hospital Geral de Ensino "Juan B. Viñas González" em Palma Soriano, Santiago de Cuba. Do universo de 32 pacientes, trabalhamos com a população composta por 16 pacientes que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão / exclusão. As técnicas utilizadas foram: questionário de qualidade de vida da Organização Mundial da Saúde, revisão documental, entrevistas e observação. Foi realizada análise estatística descritiva (análise de frequência) e aplicado o método não paramétrico. Resultados: Mais da metade (56,25%) da população apresentou percepção de qualidade de vida regular, 25% boa e 18,75% ruim. A dimensão saúde física esteve entre as mais afetadas, com avaliação negativa em relação à doença, uma vez que mais de 85% dos inquiridos a consideraram grave ou muito grave. Além disso, foram notados distúrbios do sono, onde mais de 60% dos pacientes se sentiram insatisfeitos com esse aspecto. Os sintomas da doença são avaliados, pela maioria (81,25%), como graves ou muito graves. Conclusões: Os pacientes apresentam média de adesão ao tratamento e percepção de qualidade de vida regular, havendo forte e direta correlação entre adesão ao tratamento e percepção de qualidade de vida.

Depression and quality of life in older adults on hemodialysis

Objective: Depression is highly prevalent in hemodialysis patients, but few studies have evaluated older hemodialysis patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of depression, its associated factors and its impact on quality of life in an older population on hemodialysis. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study including 173 hemodialysis patients aged 60 years or older in Recife, Brazil. Depression was evaluated using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview when depressive symptoms (according to the 5-item Geriatric Depression Scale) were present. Quality of life was assessed with the Control, Autonomy, Self-realization and Pleasure Questionnaire (CASP-16). Data were also collected on sociodemographic, laboratory (albumin, parathormone, hemoglobin, and phosphorus) and dialysis (dialysis vintage, vascular access and hemodialysis adequacy) characteristics. Results: Depression was present in 22.5% of the sample. Depressed patients presented low CASP-16 quality of life scores (31.6 vs. 24.2, p < 0.001), twice the odds of albumin levels < 3.8 g/dL (OR 2.36; 95%CI 1.10-5.07; p = 0.027) and higher parathormone levels (OR 1.06; 95%CI 1.00-1.13; p = 0.05). Conclusion: Older hemodialysis patients have a high prevalence of depression. Depressed patients presented poor quality of life, lower serum albumin and higher parathormone levels. Teams dealing with older hemodialysis patients should include depression and quality of life assessments in care protocols.

Emotional repercussions and quality of life in children and adolescents undergoing hemodialysis or after kidney transplantation / Repercussões emocionais e qualidade de vida das crianças e adolescentes em hemodiálise ou após transplante renal

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the emotional repercussions and quality of life (QOL) associated with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in children and adolescents undergoing hemodialysis or a kidney transplant (TX). Methods: We conducted a quantitative-qualitative study. 48 children and adolescents with ESKD were interviewed; half of them underwent hemodialysis treatment, and the other half had a kidney transplantation. Their respective 48 caregivers also participated in the study. The questionnaire involved both the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory and a thematic story-drawing tool. An analysis of the QOL questionnaire's results was done by comparing the sum of points between groups and the theme-based story-drawing consisted of interpreting the data contained in the material using Freudian and Lacanian theories. Results: In the QOL questionnaires, the total score was higher in the transplanted patients and in their caregivers, suggesting a perception of better QOL after kidney transplantation. In the specific aspects of the questionnaire, physical capacity was considered superior by children who underwent transplants and their caregivers. There were no differences between the groups in the emotional, social and school aspects. However, the caregivers of the patients who had a transplant perceived a significant difference in QOL in the school aspect. In the thematic story-drawings, emotional suffering in the two analyzed groups was evidenced regardless of the treatment. Conclusions: Despite the questionnaire results suggesting that transplantation does improve some aspects of QOL, there were no differences observed between kidney replacement therapies regarding the emotional repercussion of chronic kidney disease.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar as repercussões emocionais e a qualidade de vida (QV) associadas à doença renal crônica em crianças e adolescentes submetidos à hemodiálise ou ao transplante renal. Métodos: Foram entrevistadas 48 crianças e adolescentes com doença renal crônica, metade dos quais submetidos ao tratamento hemodialítico, e a outra metade, ao transplante renal. Os 48 respectivos cuidadores também participaram da pesquisa. Utilizou-se o questionário de QV Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory e o instrumento de desenho-estória com tema. A análise dos resultados do questionário de QV foi feita pela somatória dos pontos e a dos desenhos-estórias com tema consistiu na interpretação dos dados do material, utilizando as teorias freudiana e lacaniana. Resultados: Nos questionários de QV, a pontuação total foi superior na opinião dos pacientes transplantados e seus cuidadores, indicando percepção de melhor QV após o transplante renal. Nos aspectos específicos, a capacidade física também foi considerada superior por esse grupo. Não houve diferenças entre os grupos de pacientes nos aspectos emocional, social e escolar, porém os cuidadores dos pacientes transplantados notaram diferença na QV no aspecto escolar. Nos desenhos-estórias com tema, observou-se que o sofrimento emocional foi evidenciado nos dois grupos estudados. Conclusões: Não foram percebidas diferenças entre as terapêuticas renais substitutivas quanto às repercussões emocionais da doença renal crônica. Por outro lado, verificou-se que o transplante melhora a QV no aspecto geral.

Depression and anxiety among patients undergoing dialysis and kidney transplantation: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Depression and anxiety are the most prevalent psychological disorders among end-stage renal disease patients and are associated with various conditions that result in poorer health outcomes, e.g. reduced quality of life and survival. We aimed to investigate the prevalences of depression and anxiety among patients undergoing renal replacement therapy. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. METHODS: Patients' depression and anxiety levels were assessed using the Beck Inventory. The independent variables were the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), Charlson Comorbidity Index and Global Subjective Assessment, along with sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. RESULTS: 205 patients were included. Depression and anxiety symptoms were detected in 41.7% and 32.3% of dialysis patients and 13.3% and 20.3% of transplantation patients, respectively. Lower SF-36 mental summary scores were associated with depression among transplantation patients (odds ratio, OR: 0.923; 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.85-0.99; P = 0.03) and dialysis patients (OR: 0.882; 95% CI: 0.83-0.93; P ≤ 0.001). Physical component summary was associated with depression among dialysis patients (OR: 0.906; 95% CI: 0.85-0.96; P = 0.001). Loss of vascular access (OR: 3.672; 95% CI: 1.05-12.78; P = 0.04), comorbidities (OR: 1.578; 95% CI: 1.09-2.27; P = 0.01) and poorer SF-36 mental (OR: 0.928; 95% CI: 0.88-0.97; P = 0.002) and physical (OR: 0.943; 95% CI: 0.89-0.99; P = 0.03) summary scores were associated with anxiety among ­dialysis patients. CONCLUSIONS: Depression and anxiety symptoms occurred more frequently among patients undergoing dialysis. Quality of life, comorbidities and loss of vascular access were associated factors.

Depression, quality of life, and body composition in patients with end-stage renal disease: a cohort study

Objective: To prospectively evaluate depressive symptoms, nutritional status, and quality of life (QoL) and search for possible associations in patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing hemodialysis. Methods: A cohort study of 104 adult patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing hemodialysis was conducted. Anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical variables were evaluated after a midweek hemodialysis session. The participants’ body composition was assessed by direct segmental multi-frequency bioimpedance analysis. The WHOQOL-Bref questionnaire was used to evaluate QoL. Participants were separated into two groups - depressive symptoms and no depressive symptoms - at inclusion and evaluated annually for 2 years thereafter using the Beck Depression Inventory. Survival analysis used the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression analysis for the goodness of fit of associated factors. All-cause mortality was the outcome of interest. Results: Participants’ mean age was 55.3±15.6 years, 60% were male, and the median time on hemodialysis was 17.5 (8.0-36.8) months. Thirty-two patients had depressive symptoms and a significantly lower QoL compared with the 72 patients in the no depressive symptoms group. The fitted outcome model showed that lean body mass had a protective effect against all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.89; 95%CI 0.80-0.99; p = 0.038). Conclusion: Depressive symptoms were highly prevalent in the cohort, and correlated with the physical and psychological components of the QoL life questionnaire, as well as with C-reactive protein and phosphorus levels. Lean body mass was protective for the assessed outcome.

Escolha do método dialítico - variáveis clínicas e psicossociais relacionadas ao tratamento / Choice of dialysis modality-clinical and psychosocial variables related to treatment

Resumo Introdução: Entre as modalidades dialíticas, é nítida a prevalência da hemodiálise (HD). Objetivos: Verificar quem escolhe modalidade dialítica, e quais variáveis refletem a percepção dos pacientes e equipe de saúde sobre o tratamento. Métodos: O estudo foi realizado em três clínicas de HD e uma de diálise peritoneal (DP). Participaram 220 pacientes, 69,5% em HD e 30,5% em DP. Incluídos pacientes voluntários em tratamento de 90 dias a 2 anos. Dos 54 profissionais de saúde, 18,5% eram médicos, 20,4% enfermeiros e 61,1% técnicos de enfermagem. Foram aplicados dois questionários: um aos profissionais e outro aos pacientes. Resultados: A maioria dos pacientes teve sua modalidade dialítica escolhida pelos médicos: 76,3%. A maioria recusa uma mudança de tratamento tanto na HD (83%) quanto na DP (92,5%). Os pacientes em DP associaram a sua modalidade a maior segurança no tratamento (p = 0,041), bem-estar (p = 0,002), manutenção de uma vida normal (p = 0,002), liberdade (p < 0,001), ânimo (p = 0,021). HD percebe a DP como proporcionando maior liberdade (p = 0,003), autonomia (p < 0,001) e ânimo (p = 0,019). Na avaliação da equipe médica e de enfermagem das variáveis clínicas e psicossociais, os profissionais indicaram em maior frequência os fatores referentes à qualidade de vida (p = 0,007), bem-estar psicossocial (p = 0,007) e bem-estar clínico (p = 0,004) quando associaram a terapia com a DP. Conclusões: A escolha da modalidade dialítica foi decisão exclusivamente dos médicos em 76,3% dos casos. A DP foi considerada pelos profissionais como melhor terapia dialítica no que diz respeito à qualidade de vida, bem-estar clínico e psicossocial.

Abstract Introduction: Among the dialysis modalities, there is a prevalence of hemodialysis (HD). Objectives: To verify who chooses the dialysis modality and which variables reflect the perception of patients and health care team about treatment. Methods: The study was conducted at three clinics of HD and peritoneal dialysis (PD). Two hundred and twenty patients participated in the study, of whom 69.5% were on HD and 30.5% on PD. Included voluntary patients on treatment from 90 days to 2 years, with. Of the 54 health workers, 18.5% were doctors, 20.4% nurses and 61.1% nurse technicians: Two questionnaires were applied: one for professionals and one for patients. Results: Most patients had their modality of dialysis chosen by doctors: 76.3%. Most patients rejected a change of treatment in both HD (83%) and PD (92.5%). There was a significant association by PD patients of their modality with greater safety (p = 0.041), well-being (p = 0.002), near normal life (p = 0.002), freedom (p < 0.001) and high-spirits (p = 0.021). HD patients perceive PD as allowing more freedom (p = 0.003), autonomy (p = 0.001) and high spirits (p = 0.019). In assessing the medical and nursing staff for clinical and psychosocial variables, professionals indicated a greater frequency for variables related to quality of life (p = 0.007), psychosocial well-being (p = 0.007) and clinical well-being (p = 0.004) when associated with PD therapy. Conclusions: The choice of dialysis modality was a decision solely of doctors in 76.3% of cases. PD was considered by the health care team as the best modality therapy with regard to quality of life, clinical and psychosocial well-being.

Health self-assessment by hemodialysis patients in the Brazilian Unified Health System / Autoavaliação de saúde por pacientes em hemodiálise no Sistema Único de Saúde

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To examine whether the level of complexity of the services structure and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients in hemodialysis are associated with the prevalence of poor health self-assessment. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated 1,621 patients with chronic terminal kidney disease on hemodialysis accompanied in 81 dialysis services in the Brazilian Unified Health System in 2007. Sampling was performed by conglomerate in two stages and a structured questionnaire was applied to participants. Multilevel multiple logistic regression was used for data analysis. RESULTS The prevalence of poor health self-assessment was of 54.5%, and in multivariable analysis it was associated with the following variables: increasing age (OR = 1.02; 95%CI 1.01-1.02), separated or divorced marital status (OR = 0.62; 95%CI 0.34-0.88), having 12 years or more of study (OR = 0.51; 95%CI 0.37-0.71), spending more than 60 minutes in commuting between home and the dialysis service (OR = 1.80; 95%CI 1.29-2.51), having three or more self-referred diseases (OR = 2.20; 95%CI 1.33-3.62), and reporting some (OR = 2.17; 95%CI 1.66-2.84) or a lot of (OR = 2.74; 95%CI 2.04-3.68) trouble falling asleep. Individuals in treatment in dialysis services with the highest level of complexity in the structure presented less chance of performing a self-assessment of their health as bad (OR = 0.59; 95%CI 0.42-0.84). CONCLUSIONS We showed poor health self-assessment is associated with age, years of formal education, marital status, home commuting time to the dialysis service, number of self-referred diseases, report of trouble sleeping, and also with the level of complexity of the structure of health services. Acknowledging these factors can contribute to the development of strategies to improve the health of patients in hemodialysis in the Brazilian Unified Health System.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar se nível de complexidade de estrutura dos serviços e características sociodemográficas e clínicas de pacientes em hemodiálise estão associados à prevalência de autoavaliação de saúde ruim. MÉTODOS Neste estudo transversal, foram avaliados 1.621 pacientes com doença renal crônica terminal em hemodiálise acompanhados em 81 serviços de diálise no Sistema Único de Saúde, no ano de 2007. A amostragem foi realizada por conglomerado em dois estágios e um questionário estruturado foi aplicado aos participantes. Para análise dos dados, foi usada regressão logística múltipla multinível. RESULTADOS A prevalência de autoavaliação de saúde ruim foi de 54,5%, e na análise multivariada apresentou associação com as seguintes variáveis: aumento da idade (OR = 1,02; IC95% 1,01-1,02), estado civil separado ou divorciado (OR = 0,62; IC95% 0,34-0,88), ter doze anos ou mais de estudo (OR = 0,51; IC95% 0,37-0,71), gastar mais de 60 min no deslocamento entre a casa e o serviço de diálise (OR = 1.80; IC95% 1,29-2,51), apresentar três ou mais doenças autorreferidas (OR = 2,20; IC95% 1,33-3,62) e relatar alguma (OR = 2,17; IC95% 1,66-2,84) ou muita (OR = 2,74; IC95% 2,04-3,68) dificuldade para dormir. Indivíduos em tratamento nos serviços de diálise com maior nível de complexidade na estrutura apresentaram menor chance de autoavaliar sua saúde como ruim (OR = 0,59; IC95% 0,42-0,84). CONCLUSÕES Autoavaliação de saúde ruim mostrou-se associada à idade, anos de estudo, estado civil, tempo de deslocamento de casa até o serviço de diálise, número de doenças autorreferidas, relato de dificuldade para dormir e também ao nível de complexidade da estrutura dos serviços de saúde. O reconhecimento desses fatores pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento de estratégias para melhorar a saúde dos pacientes em hemodiálise no Sistema Único de Saúde.

Crianças e adolescentes com insuficiência renal em hemodiálise: percepção dos profissionais / Niños y adolescentes con insuficiencia renal en hemodialise: percepción de los profesionales / Children and adolescents with chronic kidney disease in haemodialysis: perception of professionals

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar aspectos impactantes na qualidade de vida de crianças e adolescentes com insuficiência renal crônica em hemodiálise, sob a ótica de profissionais de saúde, como etapa essencial para a construção do módulo específico do instrumento DISABKIDS®. Método: estudo metodológico. Coleta de dados entre maio e junho de 2012, por meio de entrevistas individuais com 12 participantes, em dois centros de diálise. Analisou-se o material empírico segundo análise de conteúdo temática, com a utilização do programa MAXQDA - Qualitative Data Analysis Software. Resultados: foram identificados sete temas: autocuidado, apoio familiar, impacto do diagnóstico, expectativa do transplante renal, evasão escolar, socialização e estigma, agrupados em três domínios. Conclusão: os resultados evidenciaram aspectos que impactam a qualidade de vida dessa clientela e, portanto, serão considerados no desenvolvimento do módulo específico DISABKIDS®. Além disso, esses aspectos são relevantes para elaboração e planejamento de ações direcionadas a crianças e adolescentes renais crônicos.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar los aspectos que afectan la calidad de vida de niños y adolescentes con insuficiencia renal en hemodiálisis, desde la perspectiva de los profesionales de la salud como un elemento esencial e indispensable para la construcción del módulo específico DISABKIDS®. Método: estudio metodológico. Los datos fueron recogidos entre mayo y junio de 2012, a través de entrevistas individuales, incluyendo 12 participantes. El material empírico fue analizado de acuerdo al análisis de contenido temático, utilizando el programa de MAXQDA - Cualitativa Software de Análisis de Datos. Resultados: se identificaron siete temas: el auto-cuidado, el apoyo familiar, el impacto del diagnóstico, las expectativas de un trasplante renal, el absentismo escolar, la socialización, el estigma. Conclusión: los resultados muestran, aspectos que inciden en la calidad de vida de los clientes. Estos aspectos son pertinentes para la preparación y planificación de las acciones dirigidas a los niños y adolescentes con insuficiencia renal crónica.

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify aspects impacting on quality of life for children and adolescents with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis, from the perspective of health professionals, as an essential step for the construction of a specific module of the DISABKIDS® instrument. Method: methodological study. Data was collected between May and June 2012, through personal interviews with 12 participants, in two dialysis centers. The empirical material was analyzed according to the thematic content analysis, using the program MAXQDA - Qualitative Data Analysis Software. Results: we identifi ed seven themes: self-care, family support, impact of diagnosis, expectation of kidney transplant, truancy, socialization and stigma, grouped into three domains. Conclusion: the results showed aspects that impact the quality of life of these customers and, therefore, will be considered in the development of specifi c DISABKIDS® module. In addition, these aspects are relevant to the preparation and planning of actions directed towards children and adolescents with chronic kidney disease.

Viviendo con hemodiálisis y sin seguridad social: las voces de los enfermos renales y sus familias / Living in hemodialysis without social insurance: The voices of renal sick people and their families

Objetivo. Examinar las perspectivas y las prácticas de enfermos renales y de sus familias sin seguridad social en relación con los problemas que enfrentan en el tratamiento de hemodiálisis. Material y métodos. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo en Guadalajara, México. En éste participaron 37 enfermos renales en hemodiálisis afiliados al Seguro Popular y 50 familiares. Se obtuvo la información mediante entrevistas individuales y grupales, a partir de análisis de contenido dirigido. Resultados. Los enfermos renales y sus familias enfrentan múltiples dificultades en el tratamiento de hemodiálisis. Las de tipo económico son prioritarias por los costos de la terapia y la carencia de recursos, y por el hecho de que el Seguro Popular excluye la cobertura de la enfermedad renal. Las personas enfrentan tales dificultades combinando acciones en un proceso circular de búsqueda de ayuda. Conclusión. El tratamiento de hemodiálisis representa una carga financiera insostenible para los enfermos renales sin seguridad social y sus familias. Urge implementar un sistema de acceso universal a las terapias renales.

Objective. To examine the perspectives and practices of renal sick people and their families without social insurance regarding problems faced while on dialysis treatment. Materials and methods. A qualitative research was developed in Guadalajara, Mexico. Thirty-seven renal sick people on hemodialysis and 50 relatives participated; all affiliated to Seguro Popular. Information was gathered through individual and group interviews. Directed content analysis was carried out. Results. Renal sick people and their families face multiple difficulties while on hemodialysis treatment; nevertheless, economic ones are perceived as a priority due to treatment expenses, lack of financial resources and non-coverage of kidney disease by Seguro Popular. Multiple actions are combined in a circular searching for help process to face the economic burden. Conclusion. Hemodialysis treatment is an unbearable economic burden for renal sick people and their families without social insurance. Universal access to renal therapies should be implemented urgently.

The Experience of Fluid Management in Hemodialysis Patients

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore the experience of fluid management in hemodialysis patients by describing how they manage fluid intake and what affects fluid management. METHODS: Purposive sampling yielded 11 patients who have received hemodialysis for one year or longer in one general hospital. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and analysed using Giorgi's phenomenological method. Data collection and analysis were performed concurrently. RESULTS: The findings regarding how hemodialysis patients manage fluid intake were classified into four constituents: 'recognizing the need for fluid control', 'observing the status of fluid accumulation', 'controlling fluid intake and output', 'getting used to fluid management'. The factors that affect fluid management of hemodialysis patients were revealed as 'willpower', 'change in the mindset', 'support system', and 'emotional state'. CONCLUSION: The study results show that hemodialysis patients manage fluid intake through food and exercise as well as interpersonal relationships. These findings suggest that strategies in the development of nursing interventions for hemodialysis patients should be directed at assisting them in familiarization with fluid management based on an understanding of their sociocultural contexts.

A Qualitative Approach of Psychosocial Adaptation Process in Patients Undergoing Long-term Hemodialysis

PURPOSE: Professional hemodialysis (HD) nursing tends to be task-oriented and lack consideration of the client's viewpoint. This study aims to interpret the process of psychosocial adaptation to dealing with HD in people with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). METHODS: A grounded theory guided this study. Theoretical sampling included 15 people receiving HD at the HD center of a hospital from July to November 2010. Participants received an information sheet in writing, a verbal invitation, and informed consent forms before interviews were conducted. A constant comparative data analysis was analyzed using open, axial and selective coding. The computer software ATLAS.ti assisted data management. Credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability ensured the rigor of study process. RESULTS: This study identified "adopting life with hemodialysis", which captures the process of the psychosocial adaptation in people with ESRD as one transformation. Four categories that evolved from "adopting HD life" are (a) slipping into, (b) restricted to a renal world, (c) losing self control, and (d) stuck in an endless process. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this investigation indicate the multidimensional requirements of people receiving maintenance dialysis, with an emphasis on the deficiency in psychosocial and emotional care. The study's findings contribute to clinical practice by increasing the understanding of the experience of chronic HD treatment from the recipient's viewpoint. The better our understanding, the better the care provided will meet the needs of the people receiving HD.

Influence of Uncertainty and Uncertainty Appraisal on Self-management in Hemodialysis Patients

PURPOSE: This study was done to examine the relation of uncertainty, uncertainty appraisal, and self-management in patients undergoing hemodialysis, and to identify factors influencing self-management. METHODS: A convenience sample of 92 patients receiving hemodialysis was selected. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and medical records. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlations and multiple regression analysis with the SPSS/WIN 20.0 program. RESULTS: The participants showed a moderate level of uncertainty with the highest score being for ambiguity among the four uncertainty subdomains. Scores for uncertainty danger or opportunity appraisals were under the mid points. The participants were found to perform a high level of self-management such as diet control, management of arteriovenous fistula, exercise, medication, physical management, measurements of body weight and blood pressure, and social activity. The self-management of participants undergoing hemodialysis showed a significant relationship with uncertainty and uncertainty appraisal. The significant factors influencing self-management were uncertainty, uncertainty opportunity appraisal, hemodialysis duration, and having a spouse. These variables explained 32.8% of the variance in self-management. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that intervention programs to reduce the level of uncertainty and to increase the level of uncertainty opportunity appraisal among patients would improve the self-management of hemodialysis patients.

Children and adolescents on hemodialysis: attributes associated with quality of life / Niños y adolescentes en hemodiálisis: atributos asociados con la calidad de vida / Crianças e adolescentes em hemodiálise: atributos associados à qualidade de vida


The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and factors associated with the occurrence of incidents related to medication, registered in the medical records of patients admitted to a Surgical Clinic, in 2010. This is a cross-sectional study, conducted at a university hospital, with a sample of 735 hospitalizations. Was performed the categorization of types of incidents, multivariate analysis of regression logistic and calculated the prevalence. The prevalence of drug-related incidents was estimated at 48.0% and were identified, as factors related to the occurrence of these incidents: length of hospitalization more than four days, prescribed three or more medications per day and realization of surgery intervention. It is expected to have contributed for the professionals and area managers can identify risky situations and rethink their actions.
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Estudio de corte transversal, realizado en un Hospital docente, con una muestra de 735 internaciones, cuyo objetivo fue estimar la prevalencia y los factores asociados a la ocurrencia de incidentes relacionados a la medicación, registrados en las historias clínicas de los pacientes hospitalizados en el Servicio de Cirugía, en el año de 2010. Se realizó la categorización de los tipos de incidentes y fueron presentados la frecuencia absoluta y relativa, calculando la prevalencia y realizando el análisis multivariante. La prevalencia de los incidentes relacionados a la medicación se estimó en 48,0% y fueron identificados como factores relacionados a la ocurrencia de estos incidentes: tiempo de la hospitalización igual o superior a cuatro días, prescripción de tres o más medicamentos por día y realización de la intervención quirúrgica. Se espera haber contribuido para que los profesionales y administradores del área puedan identificar situaciones de riesgo y revisar su actuación.

Objetivo: Identificar atributos impactantes da qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde de crianças e adolescentes com insuficiência renal crônica, em hemodiálise, como etapa inicial para a construção do módulo específico DISABKIDS®. Método: Estudo exploratório descritivo, de abordagem qualitativa, cujos dados foram coletados entre agosto de 2011 e março de 2013, por meio da técnica do grupo focal, com 42 participantes, entre 8 e 18 anos, e seus pais ou cuidadores. Os dados foram analisados segundo análise de conteúdo temática, com a utilização do programa Qualitative Data Analysis Software. Resultados: Foram identificados sete temas: restrições hídricas e alimentares, limitações impostas pelo tratamento, tempo dedicado ao tratamento, alteração da imagem corporal relacionada ao acesso vascular e crescimento, estigma, autocuidado e esperança do transplante renal. Conclusão: Aspectos relevantes da vivência dos participantes em relação à doença e ao tratamento foram apreendidos, buscando compreender de que forma esse processo associa-se à sua qualidade de vida.
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Predictors of quality of life in renal transplant recipients

The presence of end stage renal disease [ESRD] has a negative impact on patients' quality of life [QOL]. Renal transplantation is well-recognized to provide a better QOL than other modalities of renal replacement therapy. To evaluate the QOL in our renal transplant recipients and to determine the factors that influences it at our institution. Cross-sectional observational study. University Kebangsaan Hospital, Malaysia. Renal transplant recipients between 18 and 75 years who have been transplanted more than one year. QOL was assessed using the Short Form-36 questionnaire that has been validated in the Malay language. Thirty nine patients [29 male, 10 female] were enrolled. The SF-36 scores were physical functioning [47.85 +/- 6.93], role physical functioning [49.51 + 11.08], general health [51.43 +/- 6.22], vitality [60.53 +/- 6.61], social functioning [50.85 +/- 9.26], mental health [55.74 +/- 7.16], bodily pain [58.55 +/- 7.51], role emotional functioning [49.09 +/- 12.01], physical component summary [49.37 +/- 6.87] and mental component summary [55.23 +/- 6.66]. Predictors of QOL were education [p < 0.001], serum albumin [p = 0.017] and hemoglobin [p = 0.02]. Increasing age negatively impacted physical functioning [p = 0.029]. We also found those who received a commercial transplant had a lower mental health compared to those done locally [p = 0.031]. Predictors of QOL in our renal transplant cohort were age, education, serum albumin and hemoglobin

Maior nível de atividade física associa-se a melhor função cognitiva em renais crônicos em hemodiálise / Greater level of physical activity associated with better cognitive function in hemodialysis in end stage renal disease

INTRODUÇÃO: Pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC) apresentam menor tolerância ao exercício e baixa capacidade funcional, o que os torna, via de regra, sedentários. Outra alteração importante encontrada na DRC é a disfunção cognitiva. O sedentarismo tem sido associado à disfunção cognitiva na população geral, porém, poucos estudos avaliaram essa associação na DRC. OBJETIVOS: Verificar associação entre o nível de atividade física e a função cognitiva de pacientes com DRC que realizam hemodiálise (HD). MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 102 pacientes que realizam HD. Os participantes responderam o Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física, que avalia o nível de atividade física e o Mini Exame do Estado Mental, utilizado para o rastreamento cognitivo. Os pacientes foram divididos em três grupos conforme a classificação do nível de atividade física (GI: ativos/GII: irregularmente ativos/GIII: sedentários). Foi aplicada análise de regressão logística adotando-se como variável desfecho a presença de disfunção cognitiva e preservando como variáveis independentes aquelas com probabilidade estatística de diferença entre os grupos inferior a 0,1. Foi considerado estatisticamente significante o valor de p inferior a 0,05. RESULTADOS: Os grupos foram semelhantes quanto à idade, tempo de HD, escolaridade e tabagismo. Apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significante quanto à raça, índice de massa corporal, presença de diabetes mellitus, doença de base e grau de déficit cognitivo. Quanto aos dados laboratoriais, os grupos diferiram quanto à creatinina, glicemia, hemoglobina e hematócrito. Houve associação entre o nível de atividade física e função cognitiva, mesmo ajustando-se para as variáveis de confusão. CONCLUSÃO: O maior nível de atividade física associou-se a melhor função cognitiva em renais crônicos em HD, independentemente das variáveis de confusão avaliadas.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a lower exercise tolerance and poor functional capacity, carry on a sedentary lifestyle. Another important change found in patients with CKD is cognitive dysfunction. Physical inactivity has been associated with cognitive dysfunction in the general population, but few studies have evaluated this association in CKD. OBJECTIVES: To assess the association between physical activity and cognitive function in patients with CKD on hemodialysis (HD). METHODS: We evaluated 102 patients undergoing HD. The participants completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, which assesses the level of physical activity and the Mini Mental State Examination, used for cognitive screening. Patients were divided into three groups according to their level of physical activity (GI: active/GII: irregularly active/GIII: sedentary). It was applied logistic regression analysis and adopted as outcome variable the presence of cognitive impairment and preserving as independent variables those with a probability of statistical difference between groups of less than 0.1. It was considered statistically significant when p less than 0.05. RESULTS: The groups were similar in age, duration of HD, and smoking. Statistically significant difference regarding race, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, underlying disease and degree of cognitive impairment. Regarding laboratory data, the groups differed in terms of creatinine, glucose, hemoglobin and hematocrit. There was significant association with better physical activity and cognitive function, even adjusting for confounding variables. CONCLUSION: the highest level of physical activity was associated with better cognitive function in CKD patients undergoing HD.

Patients' experiences of peritoneal dialysis at home: a phenomenological approach / A experiência vivida pelos pacientes em diálise peritoneal domiciliar: uma abordagem fenomenológica / La experiencia vivida por pacientes en diálisis peritoneal domiciliaria: un abordaje fenomenológico

The aim of this study was to highlight the meaning of home dialysis as experienced by patients with chronic renal failure. The research design was influenced by Ricoeur´s phenomenology. Nineteen patients from a Brazilian public hospital were interviewed, from May to September 2009. Interviews were guided by the question: "Tell me about your experiences lived undergoing PD". Findings unveiled the patients' perception of the drastic changes in their existence, consequent to disease and treatment; and the perception of themselves in that process. The feeling of anguish, physical pain and deprivations were part of living that condition. They foresee an uncertain future, depending on the expertise of health care providers and the demands on support of significant others. Findings suggest that individual aspects of patients' experiences must be considered if health care providers are to facilitate positive health outcomes.

O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender a experiência da diálise peritoneal domiciliar, a partir da narrativa dos pacientes. A abordagem do estudo inspirou-se na fenomenologia hermenêutica de Paul Ricoeur. Foram entrevistados 19 pacientes na unidade de hemodiálise de um hospital público brasileiro, de março a setembro de 2009. As entrevistas foram orientadas pela questão: descreva sua experiência na diálise peritoneal. Os resultados desvelaram a percepção dos participantes sobre o significado da doença em suas vidas e as drásticas transformações pessoais sofridas nesse processo. Sentimentos de angústia e dor física foram acompanhados por importantes limitações pessoais e sociais, impostas pelo tratamento. Eles esperam por um futuro incerto, reconhecendo sua dependência da ajuda dos familiares e dos profissionais da saúde. Os resultados desvelam as dificuldades e a falta de perspectivas vividas pelos pacientes em diálise, demonstrando o papel crucial que cabe aos profissionais que os acompanham. Ajudá-los a desenvolver o autocuidado e maximizar sua qualidade de vida é prioridade na assistência a esses pacientes.

El objetivo de este estudio fue comprender la experiencia de la diálisis peritoneal domiciliaria, a partir de la narración de los pacientes. El abordaje del estudio se inspiró en la fenomenología hermenéutica de Paul Ricoeur. Fueron entrevistados 19 pacientes en la unidad de hemodiálisis de un hospital público brasileño, de marzo a septiembre de 2009. Las entrevistas fueron orientadas por la pregunta: describa su experiencia en la diálisis peritoneal. Los resultados revelaron la percepción de los participantes sobre el significado de la enfermedad en sus vidas y las drásticas transformaciones personales sufridas en ese proceso. Sentimientos de angustia y dolor física fueron acompañados por importantes limitaciones personales y sociales, impuestas por el tratamiento. Ellos esperan un futuro desconocido, reconociendo su dependencia de la ayuda de los familiares y de los profesionales de la salud. Los resultados revelan las dificultades y la falta de perspectivas experimentadas por los pacientes en diálisis, demostrando el papel crucial que le cabe a los profesionales que los acompañan. Ayudarlos a desarrollar el autocuidado y maximizar su calidad de vida es una prioridad en la asistencia a esos pacientes.

Effects of Progressive Resistance Training on Body Composition, Physical Fitness and Quality of Life of Patients on Hemodialysis

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of progressive resistance training (PRT) on body composition, physical fitness, quality of life, lipid and nutritional profile of patients on hemodialysis (HD). METHODS: A non equivalent comparison group pretest and posttest design study was used with 40 participants who were randomly assigned to the exercise group (20 participants) and the comparison group (20 participants). The exercise group received PRT for 30 minutes per session, 3 sessions a week, for 12 weeks, while the comparison group received usual care. The PRT consisted of upper and lower body exercises using elastic bands and sandbags. Outcome measures evaluated were: body composition, physical fitness, quality of life, and lipid profile. RESULTS: Skeletal muscle mass, grip, leg muscle strength, and quality of life all improved significantly in the exercise group. Body fat rate, total cholesterol and triglyceride rate decreased significantly in the exercise group. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that PRT improves body composition, physical fitness, quality of life, and lipid profile of patients on HD. PRT using elastic bands and sandbags can be utilized as part of a regular care plan for these patients.

Structural Equation Modeling on Quality of Life in Pre-dialysis Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

PURPOSE: This study was designed to test structural equation modeling of the quality of life of pre-dialysis patients, in order to provide guidelines for the development of interventions and strategies to improve the quality of life of patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). METHODS: Participants were patients who visited the nephrology outpatient department of a tertiary hospital located in Seoul. Data on demographic factors, social support, nutritional status, physical factors and biobehavioral factors and quality of life were collected between March 4 and March 31, 2011. RESULTS: In the final analysis 208 patients were included. Of the patients 42% were in a malnourished state. Anxious or depressed patients accounted for 62.0%, 72.6%, respectively. Model fit indices for the hypothetical model were in good agreement with the recommended levels (GFI=.94 and CFI=.99). Quality of life in pre-dialysis patients with CKD was significantly affected by demographic factors, social support, nutritional status, physical factors and biobehavioral factors. Biobehavioral factors had the strongest and most direct influence on quality of life of patients with CKD. CONCLUSION: In order to improve the quality of life in pre-dialysis patients with CKD, comprehensive interventions are necessary to assess and manage biobehavioral factors, physical factors and nutritional status.

Fatores associados com a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde de idosos em hemodiálise / Factors associated with health-related quality of life in elderly patients on hemodialysis / Factores asociados con la calidad de vida relacionada a la salud de ancianos en hemodiálisis

OBJETIVO: Identificar fatores associados à qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde de pacientes idosos em hemodiálise. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 223 pacientes com idade > 60 anos em hemodiálise nas unidades de diálise do município de Belo Horizonte, MG, em 2008. A qualidade de vida foi avaliada utilizando o Kidney Disease and Quality of Life - Short Form (KDQOL-SF) e o Medical Outcome Survey - Short Form 36 (SF-36). Os três escores do KDQOL-SF medidos foram: componente da doença renal sumarizado (11 subescalas), componente físico sumarizado (quatro subescalas) e componente mental sumarizado (quatro subescalas). RESULTADOS: Foram observadas associações negativas significativas e independentes do componente da doença renal e mental com número de doenças crônicas e tempo de tratamento (ambas). O componente físico foi menor entre os mais velhos, as mulheres, aqueles com maior número de internações e com três ou mais doenças crônicas. CONCLUSÕES: A associação consistente com presença de doenças crônicas mostra a importância do perfil de morbidade para a qualidade de vida dessa população. A identificação dos fatores associados, como aumento da idade, sexo feminino, número de internações e tempo de tratamento, pode favorecer o planejamento adequado das ações de saúde para melhor atender a esse grupo.

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with health-related quality of life in elderly patients on hemodialysis. METHODS: Cross-sectional study including 223 patients aged > 60 years on hemodialysis conducted in dialysis centers in the city of Belo Horizonte, southeastern Brazil, in 2008. Health-related quality of life was measured with the Kidney Disease Quality of Life Short Form (KDQOL-SF) and the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (MOS SF-36). The three KDQOL-SF component scores measured were: kidney disease component summary (11 subscales), physical component summary (four subscales) and mental component summary (four subscales). RESULTS: Significant independent negative associations were found between the kidney disease and mental components and number of chronic diseases and treatment duration. A lower physical component was seen among women, those with more advanced age, more hospital admissions, and three or more chronic diseases. CONCLUSIONS: The finding that health-related quality of life was consistently associated with chronic diseases points to the importance of the morbidity profile in elderly patients on hemodialysis. The associated factors identified including advanced age, female gender, number of hospital admissions and treatment duration can provide input for planning health actions that can more adequately meet this populations' needs.

OBJETIVO: Identificar factores asociados a la calidad de vida relacionada a la salud de pacientes ancianos en hemodiálisis. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal con 233 pacientes con edad > 60 años en hemodiálisis en las unidades de diálisis del municipio de Belo Horizonte, Sureste de Brasil, en 2008. La calidad de vida fue evaluada utilizando el Kidney Disease and Quality of Life - Short Form (KDQOL-SF) y el Medical Outcome Survey-Short Form 36 (SF-36). Los tres escores del KDQOL-SF medidos fueron: el componente de la enfermedad renal resumido (11 subescalas), el componente físico resumido (cuatro subescalas) y el componente mental resumido (cuatro subescalas). RESULTADOS: Se observaron asociaciones negativas significativas e independientes del componente de la enfermedad renal y mental con número de enfermedades crónicas y tiempo de tratamiento (ambas). El componente físico fue menor entre los más viejos, las mujeres, aquellos con mayor número de internaciones y con tres o más enfermedades crónicas. CONCLUSIONES: La asociación consistente con presencia de enfermedades crónicas muestra la importancia del perfil de morbilidad para la calidad de vida de esta población. La identificación de los factores asociados, como aumento de edad, sexo femenino, número de internaciones y tiempo de tratamiento, puede favorecer la planificación adecuada de las acciones de salud para mejor atender a este grupo.

Depression and quality of life of hemodialysis patients living in a poor region of Brazil / Depressão e qualidade de vida entre pacientes em hemodiálise de uma região pobre do Brasil

OBJECTIVE: To determine the correlation between depression and quality of life (QOL) of patients in hemodialysis (HD). METHOD: One hundred and sixty six patients over 18 years of age who had been in HD for at least three months and had no history of transplant. QOL was assessed using the SF-36. To categorize depression, a score > 10 was used on the 10-item version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Comparisons between depressed and nondepressed patients were performed using the chi-square test, Student's t-test, and Mann-Whitney test. Multiple regression was performed to assess the predictive variables of patients' QOL. RESULTS: Symptoms of depression were found in 13 (7.8 percent) patients. The only variable that differed among depressed patients was QOL. Depressed patients presented lower scores in vitality (40.7 vs. 57.3; p = 0.010), role-emotional (25.6 vs. 62.5; p = 0.006), and mental health (50.1 vs. 65.4; p = 0.023). Regression analysis demonstrated that depression was a predictor of role-emotional (OR = 0.981, CI = 0.967-0.996; p = 0.010) and mental health (OR = 0.970, CI = 0.946-0.996; p = 0.022). CONCLUSION: Depressed patients experience a poor QOL because, in addition to their chronically affected physical aspects, they also feel limited in the mental dimensions, which usually have the highest score among non-depressed HD patients.

OBJETIVO: Determinar a correlação entre depressão e qualidade de vida (QV) de pacientes submetidos à hemodiálise (HD). MÉTODO: Foram estudados 166 pacientes com idade superior a 18 anos, em HD por pelo menos três meses e sem transplante prévio. O nível de QV foi medido pelo questionário SF-36. Para categorizar depressão foi utilizada a versão de 10 itens do Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D; escore > 10). As comparações entre pacientes com e sem depressão foram realizadas pelos testes do qui-quadrado, t de Student e Mann-Whitney. Regressão múltipla foi realizada para testar variáveis preditivas de QV. RESULTADOS: Sintomas depressivos estavam presentes em 13 (7,8 por cento) pacientes. A única variável que diferiu entre os pacientes com depressão foi QV. Pacientes depressivos apresentaram menor pontuação referente a vitalidade (40,7 vs. 57,3; p = 0,010), aspectos emocionais (25,6 vs. 62,5; p = 0,006) e saúde mental (50,1 vs. 65,4; p = 0,023). A análise de regressão demonstrou que depressão foi preditiva de aspectos emocionais (OR = 0,981, IC = 0,967-0,996; p = 0,010) e de saúde mental (OR = 0,970, CI = 0,946-0,996; p = 0,022). CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes com depressão vivenciam um nível baixo de QV porque, além dos aspectos físicos afetados cronicamente, esses pacientes são afetados nas dimensões mentais que costumam ser as dimensões com melhores pontuações entre os pacientes em HD sem depressão.